Compare and contrasts the effect of terrorism on global events Dissertation

Compare and contrasts the effect of terrorism on global events - Dissertation Example Secondary research method was more appropriate because it provided sufficient historical data for comparison purposes. The hosting of the global event in these two cities corresponds to two critical periods in the history of terrorism. During the hosting of Olympic Games in Barcelona, there had been no major terror attack on global events for two decades, since 1972 attacks in Munich Olympic Games. However, prior to the hosting of Olympic Games in Sydney in 2000, terrorists had bombed similar global event in Atlanta, United States in 1996. One year after Sidney hosted the games, September 11 terror attacks in New York occurred. 5. Discussions and research findings Global events are important components of tourism, an industry that is very vulnerable to terrorism and insecurity. Currently tourism is one of the most important economic activities in the world besides telecommunication and information technology. The importance of hosting global events is evidenced by the stiff competiti on the many countries wishing to host events face to secure the hosting rights. Some of the most popular global events include the Olympics and FIFA world cup among others. The large audience that the global events attract make them susceptible to various threats, including violence from the fans, terrorism and natural disasters. From the 1990s, terrorism has been the one of the major concerns for the events organizers and the sports managers. The 1972 terror attacks that targeted Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics and the pipe bomb that exploded in1996 during summer Olympics in Atlanta are just of some of the few attacks targeting global events. Since then, other global events have been targeted by terrorism including International Cricket Council (ICC) tournaments in Asia, especially in Pakistan, UEFA champions league matches in Barcelona and the recent attacks in Kampala Uganda that targeted fans watching the finals of 2010 world cup finals in South Africa (Clark and Sophia 2008). Several research studies have been undertaken to investigate terrorism on global events, and one of the common findings is the insufficiency of security personnel training at venues in relation to those guarding against terror attacks. However, Appelbaum, et al (2005), argued that the unpredictable nature of terrorism and the conduct of attending fans present formidable difficulties in ensuring a secure environment at the venues. Therefore, it is imperative to enforce appropriate preparations, response and recovery measures to mitigate the effects of terrorism to the global events. There are various definitions of terrorism and Christopher (2000, p 52) defines it as â€Å"the illegal use of force or violence against people or property to threaten or coerce a government, the civilian population or any targeted sector in advancement of political or social objectives†. Terror attacks targeting global events and other civilian installations are normally well planned and or ganized. According to Christopher (2000), the objectives of terror attacks targeting areas with large number of people such as global events include inflicting the greatest amount of humiliation to the target and securing maximum publicity of the terrorist cause to the largest number of people in the world as possible. Moreover, terrorists who successfully launch attacks on the targeted areas mainly intend to gain credit or respect, compel the targeted population into agreement with

Types of chocolate Essay Example for Free

Types of chocolate Essay Do you like chocolate? How many times do you eat chocolates in a day? Some people like to eat chocolates, some are even obsessed with them. Some people don’t like chocolates because those people think that they will make them fat. Some people just don’t like chocolates, without any clear reason. I believe that chocolate has many benefits which we can’t underestimate. Chocolate is a raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. It is Greek for â€Å"drink of Gods†. Cacao has been cultivated for at least three millennia in Mexico, Central and South America. Its earliest documented use is around 1100 BC. Chocolate has to be processed from cocoa to be the chocolates we know. Most chocolates are brown-colored, even though there’s a variant of chocolate with white color called â€Å"white chocolate†. Chocolates come in many forms, for example, â€Å"chocolate bar†, â€Å"chocolate wafer†, â€Å"chocolate stick†, and so on. I personally like chocolate bars or chocolate balls. Chocolates have wide range of prices and you can find them in many places. There are chocolates which are very inexpensive, there are also chocolates that are costly. Chocolates are also easy to get, we can find chocolates everywhere. I love chocolates that are very delicious but not too expensive. Chocolates are very close to our life, we often eat them to gain pleasure. Chocolates are one of the most popular holiday gifts. The International Chocolate Day is observed on 13 September. Actually, chocolates have many benefits. That’s why we should not underestimate the power of chocolates. First, chocolate functions as remedy. In Harry Potter films, to heal Dementor’s Kiss, one must eat chocolates. Dementor is a creature in Harry Potter world that can absorb a person’s happiness by â€Å"kissing† them. We can say that Dementor is the manifestation of sadness and sorrow, while chocolates are the manifestation of happiness and joy. So, metaphorically, it says that to lessen sadness, we should eat chocolates. This thing is true because eating chocolates release endorphins in our brain, which can make us feel happier and more relaxed. Chocolate is a good stress-buster, it contains valeric acid that can immediately relax our muscles and nervous system. In my personal experience, when I eat chocolates, I feel satisfied. Second, chocolate can make us more beautiful. In fact, nutritionists claim that there are certain types of chocolate that can make our skin look more healthy and radiant. The high content of flavonoid in dark chocolate can moisturize and make our skin naturally shining and smooth. This ingredient can also absorb UV that can contribute to a better blood flow. There is also a chocolate-based mask, it’s believed that using chocolate mask can prevent wrinkles. Third, chocolate is beneficial for our health. Dark chocolate has been shown in studies to lower blood pressure in people with elevated blood pressure. Eating dark chocolate on a regular basis has been shown to reduce LDL cholesterol (unhealthy cholesterol) by as much as one percent. Several studies have found chocolates to be one of the best cancer-fighting foods. Chocolate works as cancer fighters by inhibiting cell division and reducing inflammation. Fourth, Chocolate makes us smarter. Again, it’s that increased blow flow to the brain. One recent study revealed that seniors who ate chocolate reported sharper cognitive ability for several a hours after eating it. According to a study done by the Department of Nutrition at the University of Oslo in Norway, people who regularly eat chocolate scored higher on cognitive tests than those who didn’t report eating as much chocolate. Fifth, Chocolate can unite people. Most people like chocolates. I usually share my chocolates to people, and they like them. Sharing can provoke happiness, sharing chocolates can make people happy and satisfied. But, there are a few cautions that we need to know when we want to eat chocolates. It doesn’t mean that we have to stop eating chocolates, but we just have to control it. There are limits in every human’s life, and eating chocolate has some limits too. First, chocolate can be addictive. If we’re addicted to chocolate, any kind of chocolates, it’s most likely that we will spend your money to buy it. We need to know that our money can be spent on many useful things like buying other healthy foods. Second, chocolate is a little bit dangerous. It’s high in oxalate which can cause kidney stones. According to sciencedirect. com, fifteen samples of commercially available cocoa powder were collected from four different countries, the total oxalate contents ranged from 360 to 567 mg/100 g DM. Oxalate is also found in spinach and almonds. Third, 50% of all chocolate, cocoa and chocolate flavoring is harvested by slaves, many of them are children. The cruelty of humanity is inserted in form of chocolate. Using slaves is very wrong, it’s a degradation of humanity. Those children aren’t able to get freedom. As humans, we should have empathy toward those child slaves. There are ways to overcome these obstacles in consuming chocolate. So, we don’t need to worry about consuming chocolate. First, eat other healthy foods other than chocolates. Our body needs much nutrition and chocolate can’t replace those foods. Focus on eating nutritious foods like fruits, vegetables or fish. We can spend our money on buying those healthy foods. Second, don’t eat it too much. I’m sure that chocolate isn’t that dangerous because it’s allowed to be eaten worldwide. And oxalate is also found in other kind of foods like spinach and almonds, but those foods are still eaten by people. So, I think we can still eat chocolate. But, just in case, don’t eat it too much. Third, eat chocolate from organic chocolate companies and fair-trade chocolate companies. Fair-trade is an organized social movement that aims to help producers in developing countries to make better trading conditions and promote sustainability. Organic chocolate is linked to fair trade because most organic chocolate companies also support fair trade. Fair-trade chocolate companies don’t employ children to be their workers. Organic chocolate/fair-trade chocolate may be more expensive than regular chocolate, but I think it’s worth it. Because we don’t need to eat happily while the child slaves are suffering. So, chocolate is very good to eat because it has many advantages. But, chocolate also has some disadvantages. There are ways to overcome these disadvantages. We can eat chocolate but we have to control the consumption of it. We should also eat chocolate from organic chocolate companies and fair-trade chocolate companies.

Po :: essays research papers

All the Pictures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Potatoes. Instant potatoes at that. This was the meal of the evening. A plastic bowl half filled with a pasty hot goo that claimed to be somehow derived from a potato. Thoughtlessly, Jimmy gulped it down as he stared blankly at his computer screen. On the monitor showed a blank white page, even whiter than his potato mush. The screen was ludicrously devoid of all semblance of any color than white. There was no hint of the black font that was supposed to have filled fifteen such screens by now. His term paper on the many recurring symbols of questioned manliness in a novel he had read in his English class was due the next class, which was in twelve hours to be exact. He was in no hurry to finish, or to even start, this task. He was content with his blank staring and eating.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This was a typical scene in Jimmy's room; clothes strewn about the floor and on his bed, his black chair covered with unread books and parts to his broken fan, his desk in utter disarray and covered with various pieces of paper and assorted plates and glasses from weeks past. In the center of it all always sat Jimmy, idly staring at his computer screen with a face that appeared barren of any thought or emotion. Pretty much any night of the week, you could find Jimmy in this exact position, and usually with the same meal in his hands and the same clothes in the same spots. One thing you could say for Jimmy, he was definitely reliable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yet, he had not always been like this, or so it would seem. If one was so inclined to almost physically drag a story out of Jimmy, it would be raucous and amazingly entertaining, and probably filled with different kinds of liquor and different names of different women. But right after he would finish the story, he would fidget uncomfortably in his computer chair until the intruder of his room grew so uneasy himself that he would leave. He would just sit in his chair in silent boredom with everything about life, with no signs of any intentions to start to do anything about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On his desk sat many pictures, some of him, some of his friends, some of his dog. Almost without fail, everyone of those pictures had Jimmy or someone else doing something absolutely ludicrous with huge stupid grins on their faces, and enjoying themselves and enjoying life.

Frequency Of Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay

Diabetess is a status in which the organic structure either fails to properly respond to its ain insulin, does non do adequate insulin, or both. This causes glucose to roll up in the blood, frequently taking to assorted complications. It is a life endangering status. Holocene WHO calculations indicate that worldwide about 3 million deceases per twelvemonth are attributable to diabetes. [ 1 ] 23.6 million people in the USA i.e. 7.8 % of the population have diabetes. 2.3 million people in the UK are diabetics doing 8.8 % of population. In Pakistan 22.04 % of the population in urban and 17.15 % in rural countries suffer from diabetes mellitus. [ 2 ] Currently, it is projected that 150 million people on the Earth have diabetes [ 2 ] . This figure is expected to increase to 300 million by the twelvemonth 2025 ; most of these instances will be type 2 diabetes [ 2 ] . The prevalence of type 2 diabetes varies widely between populations, reflecting differences in both familial susceptibleness and environmental influences [ 1 ] . The Asia and the Pacific have really high rates of diabetes and this is peculiarly due to the effects of modernisation, life style and the ripening of populations [ 1 ] . In fact, despite increasing consciousness of the turning job of diabetes and the recent publication of a figure of anticipations of current and future prevalence of diabetes worldwide, the U.S. is the lone state in the developed universe with dependable informations on national prevalence [ 7 ] . We conducted this survey in Civil Hospital Karachi, a third attention infirmary to measure the current state of affairs of the rapid rise in diabetes in our patients and to place the associated factors which have contributed to this. After finishing this survey we recommended alterations to the relevant authorization on territory and National degree so that appropriate stairss can be taken to screen out this job which is increasing the economic load on our state where the wellness budget is less than 2 per centum.MethodologyThis is a cross-sectional survey conducted at Civil Hospital Karachi over a period of 7 months ( from 1st January to 31st July 2009 ) Data was collected by questioning the patients sing Medical OPD of Civil Hospital Karachi through a good structured questionnaire. Stress degrees were evaluated by inquiring patients about insomnia ( in the past one month ) . A written consent for the afore-mentioned was taken from each patient. Initially a pilot survey was conducte d questioning 10 patients sing medical OPD of Civil Hospital Karachi. Any lacks in the questionnaire and method of the survey were corrected. The sample size was 450 ( approved by the DUHS Ethics and Research Dept. ) . which was non likely purposive sampling. Our chief aim was to measure the frequence of diabetes mellitus and associated factors in patients go toing medical OPD for which the patients included were holding a Fasting Plasma Glucose ( FPG ) degree of 126 mg/dL or above, which was confirmed by reiterating the trial on another twenty-four hours or an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ( OGTT ) 2-hour glucose degree of 200 mg/dL or above which was confirmed by reiterating the trial on another twenty-four hours, A random, blood glucose degree of 200 mg/dL or higher, and the presence of increased micturition, thirst and unexplained weight loss other symptoms can include weariness, blurred vision, increased hungriness, and sores that do non mend. Diabetic Patients with a diagnosing of high blood pressure i.e when the norm of 2 or more diastolic BP measurings on at least 2 consecutive visits is 90 millimeter Hg or when the norm of several systolic BP readings on 2 or more subsequent visits is invariably 140 millimeter Hg. [ 10 ] PASW-18 ( Predictive Analytics Software ) was used for statistical analysis. For uninterrupted response variables like age, BMI, weight were presented by average  ± SD. General distribution was presented by ratio ( M: F ) or per centums. For comparing demographic and basic diabetes variables were used. The survey was given blessing by the moralss Review Committee of Dow University Of Health Sciences ( DUHS )Consequences:The frequence of Diabetes found in patients go toing medical OPD was 19.71 % .The Mean BMI was 25.2489 ±5.733. The frequence of Type 1 was 14 % and type 2 was 85.7 % .The most susceptible age group was 50-60 with a prevalence per centum of 19.8 % . The patients who besides reported stress related issues were 60.2 % and the patients with first grade relations holding diabetes were 51 % . Patients who besides complained of Hypertension along with diabetes were 58.2 %BMI of PatientsNitrogen Scope Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation BMI of platinum 450 52.26 12.92 65.18 25.2489 5.73306High blood pressurepatient with emphasisFrequency PercentageFrequency Percentageno 187 41.8 %no 178 39.8 %yes 260 58.2 %yes 269 60.2 %household historytype of DMFrequency PercentageFrequency Percentageno 219 49 %type 1 62 14 %yes 228 51 %type 2 388 86 %patient exercisingFrequency Percentageno 355 78.8 %yes 95 21.2 %Discussion: The frequence of Diabetes mellitus in patients go toing medical OPD was 19.72 % . This is significantly higher from the prevalence as far because we chiefly collected our informations from an already High Risk Population. Harmonizing to W.H.O 2.8 million i.e. 9 % in UK and 22.04 % in Pakistan are diabetics. [ 1 ] WHO estimates that over the following 10 old ages ( 2006-2015 ) , China will lose $ 558 billion in bygone national income due to bosom disease, shot and diabetes entirely. [ 2 ] Numerous surveies have been conducted in the past linking Diabetes with assorted hazard factors. These surveies showed that additions in fleshiness and diabetes among US grownups continue in male and female, all smoke degrees, all ages, all educational degrees, and in all races reasoning that fleshiness is strongly associated with several major wellness hazard factors. In 2001 the prevalence of fleshiness ( BMI 30 ) was 20.9 % vs 19.8 % in 2000, an addition of 5.6 % . The prevalence of diabetes increased to 7.9 % vs 7.3 % in 2000, an addition of 8.2 % . The prevalence of BMI of 40 or higher in 2001 was 2.3 % . Overweight and fleshiness were significantly associated with diabetes, high blood force per unit area, high cholesterin, asthma, arthritis, and hapless wellness position. [ 14 ] and [ 15 ] Type 2 diabetes, characterized by target-tissue opposition to insulin, is like an epidemic largely in industrialised societies and is strongly associated with fleshiness ; nevertheless, the mechanism by which increased adiposeness causes insulin opposition is ill-defined. A survey was conducted to find the prevalence and impact of corpulence and fleshiness among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus on glycaemic control and cardiovascular hazard factors in patients go toing a secondary attention diabetes clinic in the United Kingdom. The consequences showed that Obesity is common among patients go toing this infirmary ‘s diabetes clinic, with 86 % of those with type 2 diabetes were corpulent. Among the Chinese Adult population steps of cardinal fleshiness are better forecasters of glucose tolerance abnormalcies prevalence than BMI. A WHtR cut-off point of 0.5 for both work forces and adult females can be considered as optimum for foretelling ( pre- ) diabetes and may be a utile tool for testing and wellness instruction. [ 13 ] In the US Nurses ‘ Health Study, 114,247 adult females were followed for 8 old ages and 2,333 instances of type 2 diabetes were confirmed. After commanding for multiple hazard factors, the comparative hazard of diabetes was 1.42 among adult females who smoked 25 or more coffin nails a twenty-four hours compared with non-smokers, proposing a sensible association between smoke and the consequent development of diabetes. [ 16 ] A similar survey of 41,810 in-between aged work forces found that those who smoked more than 25 coffin nails daily had a comparative hazard of diabetes of 1.94 compared with non-smokers. [ 17 ] Smoking compounds the diabetic jobs Smoking which causes type 2 diabetes can impact the other manner unit of ammunition, excessively. Diabetics who smoke are at more hazard of worsening their wellness jobs. Diabetics who smoke are at a higher hazard ( three times ) to decease of bosom onslaught and shot than diabetics who do non smoke moreover blood glucose, blood force per unit area, cholesterin degrees and the opportunity of infections shoots up among diabetics as smoke amendss the blood vass of these patients which makes harder for their organic structure to mend. They can eventually stop up in amputations. Diabetics who already suffer from kidney, nervus and joint disease can damage the same when they smoke. Diabetics who continue to smoke face trouble in contending against cold and other respiratory diseases and are prone to develop dangerous malignant neoplastic diseases in oral cavity, pharynx, lung and vesica. They besides have greater hazard of being impotent taking to psychological and societal jobs. Decision: Pakistan has a quickly lifting prevalence of diabetes and other classs of unnatural glucose tolerance. Pakistan is in one of the most High hazard countries of the universe where Diabetes is prevailing. The prevalence of diabetes in Pakistan is one of the highest yet reported from a developing state with a contrasting background as compared to the western states. The frequence of Diabetes mellitus found in our research survey was 19.71 % . The most important associations were Patient ‘s age, Obesity, Stress, Family History, Ethnic group, diet and Hypertension. Recommendations: Early sensing and bar of diabetes in the high hazard group is of import in order to forestall the morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes mellitus. Designation of High hazard group their societal, life manner and dietetic alteration may cut down the development of diabetes. The survey was conducted in order to place the incidence and associated factors of diabetes in our population.

Corporations Essay

CHAPTER 19 CORPORATIONS 1. – THE NATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF CORPORATIONS A corporation is a legal entity created and recognized by state law. It can consist of one or two persons identified under a common name. CORPORATE PERSONNEL When an individual purchases a share of stock in a corporation, that person becomes a shareholder and owner of the corporation. Shareholder and corporations are liable. THE LIMITED LIABILITY OF SHAREHOLDER One of the key advantages of the corporate forms is the limited liability of its owners. Corporate shareholders normally are not personally liable for the obligations of the corporation beyond the extent of their investments. CORPORATE TAXATION Corporate profits are taxed, and do not receives tax deduction for dividends distributed to shareholders. Profits that are not distributed are retained by the corporation. These retained earnings if invested properly, will yield higher corporate profits in the future. TORTS AND CRIMINAL ACTS A corporation is liable for the torts committed by its agents or officers within the course and scope of their employment. Corporation may be held liable for criminal acts of its agents and employees, provided the punishment is one that can be applied to the corporation, corporation can be fined. CORPORATION SENTENCING GUIDELINES Penalties depend on factors and executives involvement. Corporate lawbreakers can face fines smaller amounting or to hundreds of millions of dollars. When a company has taken substantial steps to prevent, investigate, and punish wrongdoing, such as by establishing and enforcing crime prevention  standards, a court may impose less serious penalties. Corporate sentencing guidelines require corporations to train employees on how to comply with relevant laws. CLASSIFICATION OF CORPORATIONS Domestic, foreign, and alien corporations * Domestic corporation; by its home state (the state in which it incorporates). * Foreign corporation; corporation formed in one state but doing business in another state. * Alien corporation; corporation formed in another country but doing business on the E.E.U.U. In some instances, the corporation must obtain a certificate of authority in any state which plans to do business. But the foreign corporation does not need this certificate to sell goods over the internet. Public and private corporations * Public corporation, is one formed by the government to meet some political purpose, such a U.S. Postal service, AMTRAK. A public corporation is not the same as a publicly held corporation. A publicly held corporation is any corporation whose shares are publicly traded in a securities market, such as the New York Stock Exchange or over the counter market. * Private corporation, are created for private benefit. Most corporations are private although they may serve a public purpose. Nonprofit corporation Corporation formed for purposes other making a profit are called nonprofit or not-for-profit corporations. Private hospitals, educational institutions, charities, and religious organizations for example, are organized as nonprofit organization. Close corporations A close corporations is one whose shares are held by members of a family or by relatively few persons. Referred also as closely held, family, or privately held corporations. Usually the members of the small group  constituting a close corporation are personally know to each other. A close corporation is often operated like a partnership. *Management of close corporations To prevent a majority shareholder from dominating a close corporation, the corporation may require that more than a simple majority of the directors approve any action taken by the board. *Transfer of shares in close corporations The transfer of one shareholder’s shares to someone else can cause serious management problems. Control of a close corporation can also be established through the use of shareholder agreement. S corporations A close corporation that meets the qualifying requirements specified in subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code can operate as an S corporation. If a corporation has a S corporation status, it can avoid the imposition of income taxes at the corporate level while retaining many of the advantages of a corporation, particularly limited liability. *Qualification requirement for S corporations 1) The corporation must be a domestic corporation. 2) The corporation must not be a member of an affiliated group of corporations. 3) The shareholders of the corporation must be individuals, estates, or certain trusts. 4) The corporation must have no more than one hundred shareholders. 5) The corporation must have only one class of stock, although all shareholders do not need to have the same voting rights. 6) No shareholder of the corporation may be a nonresident alien. *Benefits of a S corporations 1) When a corporation has losses, the S election allows the shareholders to use the losses to offset other taxable income. 2) When the shareholder’s tax bracket is lower than the tax bracket for regular corporations. The S election causes the corporation’s entire income to be taxed in the shareholder’s bracket, whether it is distributed. Professional corporation Professional corporation such as physician, lawyers, dentists, and accountants can incorporate. There is generally no limitation on liability for acts of malpractice or obligations incurred because of a breach of duty to a client of a PC. In many states, professional persons are liable not only for their own negligent acts, but also for the misconduct of persons under their direct supervision who render professional services. A shareholder in a professional corporation is generally protected from contractual liability and cannot be held liable for the torts that are committed by other professional at the firm. 2. – CORPORATE FORMATION One of the most common reasons for creating a corporation is the need for additional capital to finance expansion. Incorporation may be the best choice for an expanding business organization because a corporation can obtain more capital by issuing shares to stock. PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES Persons rarely engage in preliminary promotional activities. It is important for businesspersons to understand that they are personally liable for all preincorporation contracts made investor, accountants, or others on behalf of the future corporation. INCORPORATION PROCEDURES Exact procedures for incorporation differ among states, but the basic steps are as follows: 1) Select a state of incorporation. 2) Secure the corporate name. 3) Prepare the articles of incorporation. 4) File the articles of incorporation with the secretary of state. Selecting the state of incorporation Because laws differ from state to state. States fees are considered too. Securing the corporate name The choice of a corporate name is subject to state approval to ensure against duplication or deception. All the states require the corporation name to include the word corporation (Corp.), Incorporated (Inc.), company (Co.), or limited (Ltd.). Preparing the articles of incorporation The primary document needed to incorporate a business is the articles of incorporation, must include the following information; 1) The name of the corporation. 2) The number of shares the corporation is authorized to issue. 3) The name and address of the corporation’s initial registered agent. 4) The name and address of each incorporator. *Shares of the corporation The articles must specify the number of shares of stock the corporation is authorized to issue. A company might state that the aggregate number of shares that the corporation has the authority to issue is 5k. *Registered office and agent The corporation must indicate the location and address where of it registered office within the state. *Incorporators Each incorporator must be listed by name and address. *Duration and purpose A corporation has a perpetual existence unless the articles state otherwise. The owners may want to prescribe a maximum duration, however, after which the corporation must formally renew its existence. A corporation can be formed for any lawful purpose. *Internal organization Articles can describe the corporation’s internal management structure, although this is usually included in the bylaws adopted after the corporation is formed. Filing the articles with the State Once the articles of incorporation have been prepared and signed by the incorporators, they are sent to the appropriate state official, usually the secretary of State. FIRST ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING TO ADOPT BYLAWS Usually, the most important function of this meeting is the adoption of bylaws. If the articles of incorporation named the initial board of directors, then the directors, by majority vote, call the meeting to adopt the bylaws and complete the company’s organization. DEFECTS IN FORMATION AND CORPORATE STATUS The procedures for incorporation are very specific. If they are not allowed precisely, others may be able to challenge the existence of the corporation. When the corporation seeks to enforce a contract against a defaulting party that party may be able to avoid liability on the ground of a defect in the incorporation procedure. De Jure and De Facto corporations If a corporation has substantially complied with all conditions precedent to incorporation, a corporation is said to have de jure existence. Because a de jure corporation is one that is properly formed, neither the state nor third party can attack its existence. Sometimes, there is a defect in complying with statutory mandates, under these circumstances the corporation may have de facto status, meaning that it will be treated as a legal corporation despite the defect in its formation. The following elements are required for de facto status; 1) There must be a state statute under which the corporation can be incorporated. 2) The parties must have made a good faith attempt to comply with the statute. 3) The enterprise must already have undertaken to do business as a corporation. Corporation by Estoppel If a business holds itself out to others as being a corporation but has made no attempt to incorporate, the firm normally will be stopped from denying corporate status lawsuit by a third party. When justice requires, the courts treat an alleged corporation as if it were an actual corporation for the purpose of determining the rights and liabilities in particular circumstances. A corporation by estoppels is thus determined by the situation. CORPORATE POWERS When a corporation is created, the express and implied powers necessary to achieve its purpose also come into existence. The following order of priority is used if a conflict arises among the various documents involving a corporation; 1) U. S. Constitution. 2) Constitution of the state of incorporation. 3) State statutes. 4) Articles of incorporation. 5) Bylaws. 6) Resolutions of the board of directors. To borrow funds, the corporation acts through its board of directors to authorize the loan. ULTRA VIRES DOCTRINE The term ultra vires means â€Å"beyond the power†. Most cases dealing with ultra vires acts have involved contracts made for unauthorized purposes. In some states, when a contract is entirely executor, either party can use a defense of ultra vires to prevent contract enforcement. 3. – PIERCING CORPORATE VEIL Occasionally, the owners use a corporate entity to perpetrate a fraud, circumvent the law, or in some other way accomplish an illegitimate objective. In these situations, the court will ignore the corporate structure and pierce the corporate veil. The following are some of the factors that frequently cause of the courts to pierce the corporate veil; 1) A party is tricked into a dealing. 2) The corporation is set up never to make a profit or always to be insolvent. Not enough money when it formed. 3) Statutory corporate formalities, such a holding required corporation meeting, are not allowed. 4) Personal and corporate interests are mixed together. THE COMINGLING OF PERSONAL AND CORPORATE ASSETS The potential for corporate assets to be used for personal benefit its especially great in a close corporation, in which the shares are held by a single person or by few individuals. In such a situation, the separate status of the corporate entity and the shareholder must be carefully preserved. Certain practices invite trouble â€Å"family owned corporation†, the comingling of corporate and personal funds, the failure to remit taxes, including payroll, and the shareholders continuous personal use of corporate property. LOANS TO THE CORPORATION Corporation laws usually do not specifically prohibit a shareholder from leading funds to her or his corporation. Any transaction has to be made in a good faith and for fair value. 4. – DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, AND SHAREHOLDERS ROLE OF DIRECTORS The board of directors is the ultimate authority in every corporation. Directors have responsibility for all policymaking decisions necessary to the management of all corporate affairs. Just as shareholders cannot act individually to bind the corporation, the directors must act as a body in carrying out routine corporate business. The board selects and removes the corporate officers. Election of directors Can be less than three, directors are elected by a majority vote of the shareholders. *Removal of directors A director can be removed for cause (failing to perform). *Vacancies on the board of directors Can occur because of death or resignation or when a new position is created through amendment of the articles or bylaws. Compensation of directors Director usually are compensated for time, effort, etc. In many corporations directors are also chief corporate officers and receive compensation in their managerial positions. Board of directors meetings The board of directors conducts business by holding formal meetings with recorded minutes. The date of regular meetings are usually established in the articles or by board resolution. Rights of directors A corporate director must have rights to function properly in that position. COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS 1) Executive committee. The board members often elect an executive committee of directors to handle the interium management decisions between board of directors meetings. 2) Audit committee. Is responsible for the selection, compensation, and oversight of the independent public accountants who audit the corporations financial records. 3) Nominating committee. This one chooses the candidates for the board of directors that management wishes to submit to the shareholders in the next election. 4) Compensation committee. Reviews and decides the salaries, bonuses, stock options and other benefits. 5) Litigation committee. Decides whether the corporation should pursue requests by shareholders to file a lawsuit against some party that has allegedly harmed the corporation. CORPORATE OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVES Officers and other executives are hired by the board of directors. DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS Are deemed to be fiduciaries of the corporation because their relationship with the corporation and its shareholders is one of trust and confidence. Duty of care Directors and officers must exercise due care in performing their duties, they need to act in a good faith. If directors and officers failed to exercise due care results in harm to the corporation can be held liable for negligence. *Duty to make informed and reasonable decisions Directors and officers are expected to be informed on corporate matters and to conduct a reasonable investigations of this situations before making a decision. *Duty to exercise reasonable supervision Directors are also expected to exercise a reasonable amount of supervision when they delegate work to corporate officers and employees. *Dissenting directors Directors are also expected to attend board of directors meetings, and their votes should be entered into the minutes. Unless a dissent is entered in the minutes, the director is presumed to have assented. Dissenting directors are rarely held individually liable to the corporation. *The business judgment rule Directors and officers are expected to exercise due care and to use their best judgment in guiding corporate management, but they are not insurers of business success. Under the business judgment rule, a corporate director or officer will not be liable to the corporation or to its shareholders mistakes of judgment and bad business decisions. Duty of loyalty Defined as faithfulness to one’s obligations and duties. Typically involve; 1) Competing with the corporation. 2) Usurping a corporate opportunity 3) Having an interest that conflicts with the interest of the corporation. 4) Engaging in insider trading. 5) Authorizing a corporate transaction that is detrimental to minority shareholders. 6) Selling control over the corporation. Conflicts of interest Corporate directors often have many business affiliations, and a director may sit on the board of more than one corporation. Sometimes engage personal interest too. Liability of directors and officers Corporate directors and officers are personally liable for their own torts and crimes. Additionally they may be held personally liable for the torts and crimes committed by corporate personnel under their direct supervision. THE ROLE OF SHAREHOLDERS The acquisition of a share of stock makes a person an owner of and shareholder in a corporation, shareholders own the corporation but have no right to manage it. Basically the shareholders ownership control is limited to voting to elect or remove members of the board of directors and deciding whether to approve fundamental changes in the corporation. Shareholders are not agents of the corporation, nor do they have legal title to the corporations property, such as its building and equipment, they simply have an equitable (ownership) in the firm. Shareholders powers Shareholders must approve fundamental changes affecting the corporations before the changes can be implemented. Shareholder approval normally is required to amend the articles of incorporation or bylaws, to conduct a merger or dissolve the corporation, and to sell all or substantially all of the corporations assets. Shareholders have the power to vote to elect or remove members of the board of directors. Shareholders meetings At least annually and proper notice need to be send it. *Proxies The law allows stockholders to either vote in person or appoint another person as their agent to vote their shares at the meetings. The signed appointment form authorizing an agent to vote the shares is called proxy. Shareholder voting Shareholders exercises ownership control through the power of their votes. Corporate business matters are presented in the form of resolutions, which shareholders vote to approve or disapprove. *Quorum requirements At least 50% need to be present. Extraordinary corporate matters, such as a merger, consolidation, or the dissolution of the corporation require approval by a higher percentage of representatives of all corporate shares entitled to vote. *Voting list The RMBCA requires a corporation to maintain an alphabetical voting list of shareholders. *Cummulative voting Most states permit and some require, shareholders to elect directors by cumulative voting, a voting method designed to allow minority shareholders to be represented on the board of directors. *Other voting techniques A voting trust is an agreement under which shareholder transfers the shares to a trustee, usually for a specified period of time. The trustee is responsible for voting the shares on behalf of the beneficiary-shareholder. RIGHTS OF SHAREHOLDERS Stock certificates Is a certificate issued by a corporation that evidences ownership of a specified number of shares in the corporation. In jurisdiction that require the issuance of stock certificates, shareholders have the right to demand that the corporation issue certificates and record their names and addresses in the corporate stock record books. Preemptive rights With preemptive rights a shareholder receives a preference over all other purchasers to subscribe to or purchase a prorated share of a new issue of stock. Which means a shareholder who is given preemptive rights can purchase the same percentage of the new shares being issued as she or he already holds in the company. This rule does not apply to treasury shares, shares that are authorized but have not been issued. Stock warrants Are rights to buy stock at a stated price by a specified date that are given by the company. Dividends Is a distribution of corporate profits or income orders by the directors and paid to the shareholders in proportion to their respective shares in the corporation. *Sources of funds for dividends Depending on the state law, dividends may be paid from the following sources; 1) Retained earnings 2) Net profits 3) Surplus *Directors failure to declare a dividend Shareholders can ask the court to compel the directors to meet and declare a dividend. To succeed the shareholders must show that the directors have acted so unreasonably in withholding the dividend that their conduct is an abuse of their discretion. Inspection rights Shareholders in a corporations enjoy both law and statutory inspection right (but limited). This include inspect voting lists, specified corporate records. Transfer of shares Corporate stock represents an ownership right in intangible personal property. The law generally recognizes the right of an owner to transfer property to another person unless there are valid restrictions on its transferability. Rights on dissolution When a corporation is dissolved and its outstanding debts and the claims of its creditors have been satisfied, the remaining assets are distributed on a pro rata basis among the shareholders. The shareholders derivative suit When the corporation is harmed by the actions of a third party, the directors can bring a lawsuit in the name of the corporation against that party. LIABILITY OF SHAREHOLDERS One of the hallmarks of the corporate organization is that shareholders are nor personally liable for the debts of the corporation. If the corporation fails the shareholder can lose their investment but that is the limit of their liability. Watered stock When a corporation issued shares for less than their fair market value, the shares are referred as watered stock. Usually the shareholder who receives the watered stock must to pay the difference to the corporation. Duties of majority shareholders A majority shareholder is regarded as having a fiduciary duty to the corporation and to the minority shareholders. This occurs when a single shareholder owns a sufficient number of shares to exercise de facto control over the corporation. In these cases the majority shareholders owe a fiduciary duty to the minority shareholders. A breach of fiduciary duties by those who control a closely held corporation normally constitutes what is known as oppressive conduct. 5. – MAJOR BUSINESS FORMS COMPARED

Free Essays on Bowers

1. The Supreme Court case â€Å"Bowers, Attorney General of Georgia V. Hardwick et al.† , decided on June 30, 1986, preceeded the case of â€Å"John Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Gardner V. Texas†, which was decided on June 26, 2003. Both cases dealt with legality of sodomy, as it pertains to homosexual couples. The traditionalist view held that sodomy was against God, and did not untimately yield procreation. The argument of the homosexuals involved was that the statute violated their freedom under the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as well as the state’s Constitution. In Bowers, the Supreme Court Justice’s majority decision was that the Gergia statute which states that sodomy acts committed with a same sex partner are illegal. Hardwick was convicted of these acts and therefore brought suit to the state, challenging the true legality of these laws, as he believed they interfered with his personal freedoms. The Supreme Court decided: â€Å"The constituition does not confer a fundamental right upon homosexuals to engage in sodomy. None of the fundamental rights announced in this Court’s prior cases involving family relationships, marriage, or procreation bear any resemblance to the right asserted in this case. And any claim that those cases stand for the proposition that any kind of provate sexual conduct between consenting adults is constitutionally insulated from the state proscription is unsupportable.† (Bowers) Due to the fact that homosexual sex is not in the legal definition of marriage, or accepted straight relationships, it was not seen as protected by the state in the Constitution. In Lawrence, the Supreme Court Justice’s majority decision was to overrule the finding in Bowers, declaring that sodomy acts between two consenting adults in the privacy of their own homes, are legal as definaed by the Constitution and the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Lawrence and Garner were arrest... Free Essays on Bowers Free Essays on Bowers 1. The Supreme Court case â€Å"Bowers, Attorney General of Georgia V. Hardwick et al.† , decided on June 30, 1986, preceeded the case of â€Å"John Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Gardner V. Texas†, which was decided on June 26, 2003. Both cases dealt with legality of sodomy, as it pertains to homosexual couples. The traditionalist view held that sodomy was against God, and did not untimately yield procreation. The argument of the homosexuals involved was that the statute violated their freedom under the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as well as the state’s Constitution. In Bowers, the Supreme Court Justice’s majority decision was that the Gergia statute which states that sodomy acts committed with a same sex partner are illegal. Hardwick was convicted of these acts and therefore brought suit to the state, challenging the true legality of these laws, as he believed they interfered with his personal freedoms. The Supreme Court decided: â€Å"The constituition does not confer a fundamental right upon homosexuals to engage in sodomy. None of the fundamental rights announced in this Court’s prior cases involving family relationships, marriage, or procreation bear any resemblance to the right asserted in this case. And any claim that those cases stand for the proposition that any kind of provate sexual conduct between consenting adults is constitutionally insulated from the state proscription is unsupportable.† (Bowers) Due to the fact that homosexual sex is not in the legal definition of marriage, or accepted straight relationships, it was not seen as protected by the state in the Constitution. In Lawrence, the Supreme Court Justice’s majority decision was to overrule the finding in Bowers, declaring that sodomy acts between two consenting adults in the privacy of their own homes, are legal as definaed by the Constitution and the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Lawrence and Garner were arrest...

Free Essays on Wow

The Harlem Renaissance, a flowering of literature (and to a lesser extent other arts) in New York City during the 1920s and 1930s, has long been considered by many to be the high point in African American writing. It probably had its foundation in the works of W.E. B. Du Bois, influential editor of The Crisis from 1910 to 1934; DuBois believed that an educated Black elite should lead Blacks to liberation. He further believed that his people could not achieve social equality by emulating white ideals; that equality could be achieved only by teaching Black racial pride with an emphasis on an African cultural heritage. Although the Renaissance was not a school, nor did the writers associated with it share a common purpose, nevertheless they had a common bond: they dealt with Black life from a Black perspective. Among the major writers who are usually viewed as part of the Harlem Renaissance are Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Rudolph Fisher, James Weldon Johnson, and Jean Toomer. While the Renaissance is often thought of as solely a literary movement, some historians of the period also include artists and musicians. Major Book Sources Because of its importance in the historical development of African American literature, the Harlem Renaissance has been the subject of a number of excellent books. Bontemps, Arna. The Harlem Renaissance Remembered. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1972. Special Collections PS153.N5B63 Huggins, Nathan I. Harlem Renaissance. New York: Oxford, 1971. Doheny Stacks; Leavey; Special Collections NX512.3.N5H8 -. Voices From the Harlem Renaissance. New York: Oxford, 1976. Doheny Stacks PS509.N4V6 Kellner, Bruce. Harlem Renaissance: A Historical Dictionary for the Era. New York: Methuen, 1987. Doheny Stacks NX511.N4H37 Porter, James A. Modern Negro Art. New York: Arno Press... Free Essays on Wow Free Essays on Wow The Harlem Renaissance, a flowering of literature (and to a lesser extent other arts) in New York City during the 1920s and 1930s, has long been considered by many to be the high point in African American writing. It probably had its foundation in the works of W.E. B. Du Bois, influential editor of The Crisis from 1910 to 1934; DuBois believed that an educated Black elite should lead Blacks to liberation. He further believed that his people could not achieve social equality by emulating white ideals; that equality could be achieved only by teaching Black racial pride with an emphasis on an African cultural heritage. Although the Renaissance was not a school, nor did the writers associated with it share a common purpose, nevertheless they had a common bond: they dealt with Black life from a Black perspective. Among the major writers who are usually viewed as part of the Harlem Renaissance are Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Rudolph Fisher, James Weldon Johnson, and Jean Toomer. While the Renaissance is often thought of as solely a literary movement, some historians of the period also include artists and musicians. Major Book Sources Because of its importance in the historical development of African American literature, the Harlem Renaissance has been the subject of a number of excellent books. Bontemps, Arna. The Harlem Renaissance Remembered. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1972. Special Collections PS153.N5B63 Huggins, Nathan I. Harlem Renaissance. New York: Oxford, 1971. Doheny Stacks; Leavey; Special Collections NX512.3.N5H8 -. Voices From the Harlem Renaissance. New York: Oxford, 1976. Doheny Stacks PS509.N4V6 Kellner, Bruce. Harlem Renaissance: A Historical Dictionary for the Era. New York: Methuen, 1987. Doheny Stacks NX511.N4H37 Porter, James A. Modern Negro Art. New York: Arno Press...

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Evolution of al Qaeda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evolution of al Qaeda - Essay Example In addition, this research will attempt to show that the United States should have been more cognizant of the beginning of this terrorist group. The origin of this terrorist group started in 1979 when the Soviet invaded Afghanistan. Osama Bin Laden, the primary founder of the group, first visited Afghanistan in 1979 and later relocated to areas around Pakistan in 1986 (John, 2011). During the early 1980s, Bin Laden and Abdulla Azzam formed the Maktab al Khidamat commonly known as the ‘Office of Services’, whose main agenda was to recruit for the anti-Soviet jihad (John, 2011). Azzam was an influential figure in the Muslim Brotherhood based on Jordan (Seth, 2014). The Maktab al Khidamat had recruited many fighters, estimated at the time to be between 10000 and 20000 (John, 2011). In 1988, Bin Laden and Azzam, in conjunction with other associates started to think of how the group could be utilized. In the same year, this base group or Al Qaeda (Arabic word for based) was identified as the force to intervene wherever Muslims were seen to have been threatened (John, 2011). This was the birth of al Qaeda. After the a ssassination of Azzam in 1989, and Bin Laden gained control of the Maktab funds and was the primary leader of the al Qaeda group. Years following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, al Qaeda started to form alliances with other militant groups in some Muslim countries (John, 2011). For example, while living in Sudan in 1994, Bin Laden managed to establish the Islamic Army Shura which brought together militant groups from countries such as Jordan, Egypt, Algeria and Somalia among others. Bin Laden also offered help to groups such as Moro Islamic Liberation Front and Jemaah Islamiyah based in Philippines and Indonesia respectively (John, 2011). Al Qaeda’s influence grew, and its financial resources expanded. There were a number of terrorist attacks in the early to the late 1990s

Anchor and mooring systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Anchor and mooring systems - Essay Example Anchor and mooring system are used to hold the ships and the floating platforms in position and prevent movements caused by the wind and current. Given most sea vessels and ship are incapable of breaking, only anchorage systems and mooring can be used to slow down and hold the ship into position to avoid moving (Lekang, 2007). The unregulated and unwanted movements caused by wind and the current can cause grave consequences and repercussions including damage to property if the ship is not properly anchored or moored. Floating production systems and offshore drilling units located in deep sea require a high level of anchorage in order to maintain a firm position against the high tides, currents and wind present at high depths. Anchoring systems and mooring therefore perform a crucial function in maintaining the stability of the sea vessels without which there exist costly ramifications (Blackwell & Blackwell, 2011). This paper discusses the operation of anchors and mooring systems, th eir fabrication and classification. Operation Anchor and mooring system consist of the anchor, the mooring line which is used to transmit force from the moored vessel to the anchor and the tension system or the attachment point on the moored vessel or floating work platform. The mooring line can be made from either a chain or wire rope. In some cases the anchor line is made from the combination of the chain and wire rope with fiber line or rigid element included (Blackwell & Blackwell, 2011). In shallow waters of depth up to 100m, chains are usually preferred for permanent mooring. Steel ropes have a higher elasticity and is preferred at greater depth than 300m. Synthetic fiber ropes on the other hand is the lightest among the three choices and is used for anchorage in deep waters of up to 2,000m. The anchor usually provides the majority of the holding capacity or the resistance to motion even though the other components of the system are also at play in contributing to the anchorag e of the vessel or the floating work platform (Dokkum, 2010). The portion of the anchor buried under the sea has a significant contribution to the whole system especially when a chain is used as an anchor line. The portion of the anchoring system excluding the attachment point on the vessel or the floating work platform is known as the ground leg. The ground leg is inclusive of the anchor, anchor line and other auxiliary devices (Blackwell & Blackwell, 2011). The anchor line (chain or wire rope) is connected to the windlass mounted on the sea vessel or the floating platform. The windlass can be either of vertically or horizontally designed. Most anchor and mooring systems use a vertically designed windlass mostly known as a cap an. The capsan is composed of a gypsy; drive wheel notched in order to fit the chain links. The chain is drawn along the deck from the capsan through a pawl and dropped down through the hawse pipe in the deck which exits at the ship's bow. The chain is then d ropped down and a shackle is used to connect the chain to the anchor. The hardened steel pins of the shackle pass through a hole drilled in the anchor central shank (Scott, 2011). Material and methods of fabrication A number of materials can be used to make an anchor ranging from large blocks of rocks to sacks of sand. Commercial anchors are made from pig iron which are fabricated to form cast iron anchors. Steel anchors are also made through drop forging of carbon steel. Both the cast iron and forged steel anchors

Information systems 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information systems 2 - Coursework Example Red Cross gets information about individuals during membership registration, blood donation exercises or during participation in charity activities. Individual details are regularly updated in these institutions as in Tesco updates are made when one shops online. Individual’s tastes and preferences are updated depending on his or her shopping basket. Too details are updated when one uses his or her Tesco credit card or club card when shopping. There are loads of concerns about personal data privacy. Privacy about personal information is of much concern like on financial status for example Tesco supermarkets can access accounts of its credit card holders. Health data should be held secret. Therefore people are afraid of hackers, email scams or phishing and cookies which may expose them to dangers. Data can be retrieved from different sources. The sources can be either internal or external. For Tesco, internal sources of data include sales from internal operations such as sales data, in cventory data, human resource data, systems data, product data and marketing data. These may include information from data from internal research, campaigns and promotions. External sources in Tesco include information from competitors’ sales and products, from website, and other third party data such as census data, survey data and demographics data. There are a number of assumptions that are made during warehouse building. For web sources it was assumed that conjunctive queries were enough to retrieve information of interest. Too the information collected was assumed to cover the whole population. The integrity of data was highly reliable. A decision support system is a computer based system or subsystem that is interactive and intended to assist in decision making. It employs the use of communication technologies, documents, data, and knowledge models to solve problems and make decisions

Native American Cultural Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Native American Cultural - Research Paper Example However, these groups of Americans show inspirational inner strategies and reserves for survival. Some major concepts of the Native American’s identity, cultural context, perseverance, and adaptability include a desire to promote a group’s well being, a holistic approach to life, respect for all healing ways, and an enduring spirit. Cultural aspects widespread among Native Americans usually comprise of valuing cooperation, and being oriented in the present. They also place a great value on spiritual beliefs and family. To them, a state of health exists when an individual lives in totality with nature. Sickness is not viewed as an alteration in one’s physiological state, rather as an imbalance between the ill individual and supernatural forces or nature in general. Their medicine men or women, called ‘shaman’ are conducted in case of an illness (Barry, 2000). Traditional healing systems are meant for balancing the body, spirit, and mind within the com munity context of the Native Americans. Contrary to the Western advance to health and healing, this group of people finds it odd to isolate one part of a human being and try by all means to heal that part, a holistic approach that has been practiced for a long time. Their survival depends on their wisdom of the connectedness and interrelatedness of everything in the universe. Their holistic perception involves a sense of connection with land and place. It also entails the practical application of techniques of preventing illnesses that they believe are caused naturally, such as broken bones, as well as illnesses of the spirit and mind. According to Barry, 2000, conventional healing practices rotate around gains to the psychological, emotional, spiritual, and cultural facets of the tribal group. Systems of healing share the belief that huge, communal ceremonies act as a way to promote the well being of all Natives. The role of a healer is to reaffirm the cultural values of the group, combine all the pieces into the cultural framework, and to consider everybody in the community. To them, medicine is all about healing the patient but not curing the disease. Furthermore, some believe that inherited conditions like birth defects are a result of the parent’s immoral life and thus are not easily treated. To others, such conditions are a reflection of God’s touch and may consider them a sort of gift. Native American’s healing approaches aim to bring back wholeness and balance and restore spirituality and healthy pure state. From the cultural beliefs of Native Americans, severity of an illness is often judged with the pain, discomfort, and disability related to it. They also believe that no human part should be eliminated from the body but rather left to heal. For instance, a member of this group has to undergo a surgical procedure but when he reaches the physicians room, he informs him that he has already made peace with his creator and he is will ing to die. Some of the members who are strong believers in culture will not opt to take the patient to the hospital; instead take him to a spiritual healer or use herbs, which may have toxic effects to the affected body part. A Native American patient may not come back for treatment just because the therapist did not recognize the worth of traditional curing interventions. In such cases, a therapist may mistakenly believe that the patient is a victim of neglect or that he is not taking

Revolutions and Political Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Revolutions and Political Change - Essay Example icans attempted to apply the doctrine of popular sovereignty prior to the territorial struggle over slavery which is attributed to the emergence of the Civil War. Political scientist Donald S. Lutz observed that in the American notion, popular sovereignty meant placing ultimate and unyielding authority in the people given that there are varied ways to which sovereignty can be expressed covering multiple institutional possibilities be they passing of laws, elections, and recalls (Constitution Society, n.d.). The American Revolution marked a departure in the concept of popular sovereignty as it had been known and used in the European historical context (Constitution Society, n.d.). Thus, with the revolution, the Americans were able to substitute the sovereignty that had existed in the King George III personage. Goldstone (2014) concurs that prior to this, however, the power of declaring war, levying general taxes, making peace were vested on the Federal government with the government of the Union drawing similarities with the King’s Government in the old French monarchy. The spirit of popularity and conciliation would have the Federal legislature of the Union composed of a Senate and a House of representatives. Another parallel can be drawn in the executive powers. The executive powers in the Northern States were limited and partial while the English represented supremacy. Thus, pursuant to popular sovereignty, the president acted just as the executor of the law that the populace would him against his life, his honour, his pledge and when he was incompetent, the people could vote him out as per the constitutional agreement. de Tocquiville (1831) explains that he Queen/King was independent in their decisions and exercises representing a monarchy which the people were expected to concede to. The duration of the two powers, also show discrepancies. While the term of the president was subject to the executive authority. The monarchy was undisputable and would only

Critically consider the challenges and opportunities that social and Essay - 1

Critically consider the challenges and opportunities that social and community enterprises face in their pursuit to affect social change - Essay Example Such new generation of entrepreneurs uses new approaches from the commercial world and employ new types of  technology  to embrace the greater amount of social  and  environmental  problems that occurred recently. Now enterprises are socially and environmentally oriented and it does not matter whether it is a for-profit or a non-profit organization, its entrepreneurial solutions propose more engagement, jobs and hope in those areas where until today there were none of such enterprises (Branson, 2013). There appeared entrepreneurs with social passion, whose creativity skills and entrepreneurial frame is deeply in mind, those who are ready to create and implement â€Å"something out of nothing† (Praszkier & Nowak, 2011). These individuals are the social entrepreneurs and these are their businesses, which have already created a phenomenon of social entrepreneurship in practice. Social entrepreneurs are aimed to address their activities to the unsolvable social problems and that is how these modern companies have earned a considerable success in motivating a people to generate a huge impact on the society (Defourny & Nyssens, 2010). By the time that social entrepreneurs became well known type of business makers, they have grown into a global movement earning the name of those who bring social- value creations to people and thus are appreciated by more and more people. However, due to the limited research in this sphere, there is no single opinion whether social entrepreneurs bring mainly good things to the society or whether their activities are underestimated (Short, Moss & Lumpkin, 2009). The following paper will try to analyze the challenges and opportunities that social enterprises face today and if it impacts social change. Due to many researches that were studied, there are several definitions of social entrepreneurship. One of such definitions claims that its aim is the ability of

Revolutions and Political Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Revolutions and Political Change - Essay Example icans attempted to apply the doctrine of popular sovereignty prior to the territorial struggle over slavery which is attributed to the emergence of the Civil War. Political scientist Donald S. Lutz observed that in the American notion, popular sovereignty meant placing ultimate and unyielding authority in the people given that there are varied ways to which sovereignty can be expressed covering multiple institutional possibilities be they passing of laws, elections, and recalls (Constitution Society, n.d.). The American Revolution marked a departure in the concept of popular sovereignty as it had been known and used in the European historical context (Constitution Society, n.d.). Thus, with the revolution, the Americans were able to substitute the sovereignty that had existed in the King George III personage. Goldstone (2014) concurs that prior to this, however, the power of declaring war, levying general taxes, making peace were vested on the Federal government with the government of the Union drawing similarities with the King’s Government in the old French monarchy. The spirit of popularity and conciliation would have the Federal legislature of the Union composed of a Senate and a House of representatives. Another parallel can be drawn in the executive powers. The executive powers in the Northern States were limited and partial while the English represented supremacy. Thus, pursuant to popular sovereignty, the president acted just as the executor of the law that the populace would him against his life, his honour, his pledge and when he was incompetent, the people could vote him out as per the constitutional agreement. de Tocquiville (1831) explains that he Queen/King was independent in their decisions and exercises representing a monarchy which the people were expected to concede to. The duration of the two powers, also show discrepancies. While the term of the president was subject to the executive authority. The monarchy was undisputable and would only

This assignment builds on the ideas offered in Visual Theories and Essay

This assignment builds on the ideas offered in Visual Theories and Visual Persuasion by asking you to critically evaluate and analyze a piece of visual persuasion or propaganda - Essay Example Here, the mouse passes of as a symbol for something controversial. The meaning we get from this symbol is highly modified and individual (Seiter 2010). On the contrary, people use many ways to catch and kill the rodent that is the mouse. For example, a traditional mousetrap that is shown in the image that forms the subject matter of this paper has been used since time immemorial to control the population of these rodents. The mousetrap plays a major critical role in the symbolic image. By just looking at the mouse, you then realize that it is actually using the mousetrap as fitness equipment found in the gym, as opposed to being scared for its life is at a great risk. The word propaganda has negative implication fixed into it; while persuasion is the art of persuading someone that your position is right through honest information. Propaganda is assumed to be the art of deceiving gullible public through bogus information. The word has for so long been allied with the thought-control of oppressive governments. In day to day life, people undoubtedly have to deal with propaganda. Without doubt, propaganda is cleverly propagated through advertisement, TV sit-coms and even in books. With the advent of communication, especially mass media, propaganda has inevitably become inseparable from the contemporary mass culture. Sometimes people state that the tendencies of propagating a particular lifestyle makes models appear like snobs, therefore end up having little or no impact on the society. Contrary, propaganda can be used for a positive purpose. For instance, propaganda can be incorporated in anti (drugs and smoking, rights for gender, animal and healthy lifestyle) campaigns. On the contrary, one of the best and most creative ways of spreading ideas is visual propaganda. In my own candid opinion, visual propaganda as a medium of spreading propaganda is the most

Cultural Conversations Essay Example for Free

Cultural Conversations Essay Nonviolence has been used as an instrument of peace throughout history and it has proven to be an effective tool in instigating change in the society. Spearheaded by Mohandas Gandhi’s moving principle of nonviolent action towards the unjustly rule of the British forces in India, change is indeed possible if done out of the context of truth in love. The precept in nonviolence operates under what Gandhi termed as satyagraha or soul force which sought to compel change by way of non-cooperation and self-sacrifice for the attainment of justice. Gandhi’s worldview revolutionized the path social movements followed and morally awakened its consciousness. It didn’t take long for the whole world to take notice of Gandhi’s efforts and aspire to understand the philosophy behind nonviolence as a means for social transformation. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the modern social reformists who adhered to the teachings of Gandhi’s nonviolent action in order eradicate racial segregation in America. Just like Gandhi, King had personal experiences of racial discrimination which had propelled him to act in defiance towards the injustices that prevailed in American society. His frustration on the black segregation system prompted him to find alternative solutions for the furtherance of black civil rights in a white-dominated America. Impressed by the impact of Gandhi’s satyagraha principle, King incorporated the concept with his strong Christian background and created an unstoppable force within the convictions that echoed the sentiments of the black people. While great minds do think alike, their ideas tend to diverge in different tangents and this holds true for Gandhi’s and King’s comprehension of nonviolent action/passive resistance. Both Gandhi and King believed that in order to free themselves from the fetters of racial prejudice, they had to resort to disclosing the social realities that undermined their civil rights in a way that did not induce a violent force, rather, a force that was directed towards love. This entailed self-sacrificial acts to incite a moral response from the oppressors such as enduring physical torture from the oppressors, submitting to the law if need be and protesting under dire circumstances. It was a feat that seemed too daunting to be carried out since it requires more from the oppressed individual (Dilks, Nonviolence: A Weapon for Peace). The precepts of non-violence engage the individual to be physically submissive but mentally and spiritually active and any individual who is willing to undergo through that must be prepared and committed to take it to the long haul. Both Gandhi and King took the principle to heart and lived it. They did not rest until everyone listened. They understood that freedom would only be granted to them if they demanded it. Gandhi had emphasized that in order to achieve outward freedom, one must be free from within and this could only be attained through self- sacrificial actions in the context of self-purification. He believes that by being a strong spiritual leader, he would not only set an example for the people of India which would garner their support, but also possess the power to change the course of their existence. King had operated on this concept of freedom but was more apt to focus on the attainment of outward freedom since he believed that it appealed more to the American society as it is a nation that revels in the intricacies of law technicalities (Dilks, Nonviolence: A Weapon for Peace). In the letter that Martin Luther King jr. had written in Birmingham jail, he had discussed the relevance on breaking the laws of man if it hindered to protect and enforce the rights of an individual. King had explained the concept of law by stating the ideas of St. Augustine on its two different types, the just law and the unjust law. According to St. Augustine, just laws were in accordance with the natural laws of man in proportion with moral codes. Unjust laws were simply corrupt laws made by man which debases humanity as a whole (Dilks, Nonviolence: A Weapon for Peace). King had expressed that laws which discriminate individuals are unjust laws since it encourages inhumane treatment to an individual. While Gandhi’s belief on the necessity of breaking laws is quite similar, in essence he observed it through simple demonstrations and the importance of spiritual well-being. It is crucial to note that cultural differences are at play here since India’s religion is much more rooted on its people than it is for most Americans, which explains why Gandhi’s approach was much more inclined to spiritual self-fulfilment. In King’s Letter in Birmingham jail, he also wrote that the pressure appended to passive resistance should rouse social tension that would render negotiations. Though Gandhi has emphasized the need for patience in executing satyagraha, King understood that waiting was not an option at this point for they were dealing with a different audience. King had realized that while self-purification should be the driving force in nonviolent actions, one should also consider the degree to which the method should be enforced so as to be heard (Dilks, Nonviolence: A Weapon for Peace). The way in which Gandhi and King had expressed their convictions should also be taken into account as it reveals the differences in their style techniques that conquered the hearts of the people. King’s execution of passive resistance seemed more forceful in nature due to his passionate orations compared to Gandhi’s spiritual mind frame and mellow tonality, still both of them had one thing in mind which was to voice out the injustices within their society. Both Gandhi and King had sought to depict the social inequalities in their society. Though this action did not go unopposed, their passive resistance to such conflict invigorated them to act in accordance with love for their oppressors. Gandhi had stated in his teachings that the intention of exposing such social injustices should not be focused on degrading the individuality of their oppressors as it were regarding the relationship between the Indians and the British, but to appeal to their sensibilities and the intrinsic understanding that as human beings, we are one, regardless of race and gender. Gandhi believed that if an individual’s motives are untainted, truths will inevitable come out and justice will prevail. King held these views to heart as well which is why he had urged his fellow Black Americans to not retaliate by violent means but by a diplomatic engagement of passive resistance (Dilks, Nonviolence: A Weapon for Peace). Gandhi and King were known to be great social reformists who popularized the use of nonviolence as a means for social change. Even though both men had maintained different focal points for the furtherance of their causes, their mission of employing nonviolent actions toward active opposing forces remained intact. The end result is a transformation in the existing relationship of the oppressed and the oppressor. Reference: Dilks, Stephen, et al. Nonviolence: A Weapon for Peace? Cultural Conversations: The Presence of the Past. Bedford/St. Martin: New York, 2001.

Fresh Water Supply and Demand: Literature Review

Fresh Water Supply and Demand: Literature Review Literature Review: Although water is most abundant substance that find on earth surface but amount of global fresh water only accounts for 3%. This small amount of fresh water underpins life and vegetation on the earth surface. Out of this 3%, the main share about 68.7% is found in Polar Regions and glaciers as ice and 30.1% as ground water. The thin share about 0.3% water of total global fresh water is found as fresh surface water which is available in lakes (87%), Swamps (11%) and rivers (2%) (Gupta 2012)[1]. In addition to that water is unequally distributed on earth and population growth varies on every continent. If we look into history before the industrial revolution, it was possible to withdraw and consume water to everyone’s satisfaction. However times changed in the last few decades the last three centuries, with increased demographic pressure and quest for development and modernization, no longer allows management of water resources without cooperation among countries. Thus water, the need of life, is likely to pose the greatest challenge on account of an increased demand with population rise and economic development, and shrinking supplies due to over-exploitation and pollution. This has caught the attention of many scholars who had written lot about water management, water security and water scarcity. However while doing literature review, a selective approach has been adopted and only those works has been picked that are related to hydro politics, water conflicts, water politics and diplomacy, water security, water competition and challenges; which are succinctly discussed in following paragraphs. First category of literature that is discussed is related to hydro politics which emerged in late 1970’s. John Waterbury (1979) used the word ‘hydro-politics’ first time in 1979 and followed by other writers such as Allan, Coskun, Earle and Howe. Waterbury (1979) attempted to show how the politics and water overlap and intersect each other and affect the use of water resource in Nile Valley. He basically focussed on the Egypt and Sudanese relations from 19th century to 20th century. Egypt knows it vulnerabilities being a downstream country and vied to annex Sudan insisted on the ‘Unity of Nile Valley while Sudan never wants to come under the new imperialism of Egypt. He depicted that by end of 20th century there will be shortage of water in Nile valley as both countries reaching outer limits of what water storage facilities could provide. Allan (2002) argued that the potentiality of water scarcity is very big issue in the global politics and Middle East. Mid dle East is the region that suffers from this problem more than any other region in the world. The problem of water scarcity is become very critical in Middle East after 1970. He highlighted that this problem is very much correlated the security of the region. In the upcoming decades the problem of water and food will become very serious in the region and this not only affects the Middle East region but also the whole global politics. Coskun (2004) analysed that after independence from former Soviet Union, the water management of transboundary Rivers become very complicated and the tension over water resources increased drastically among the central Asian countries. He argued that disputes over water resources become big threat for the Central Asian security with increase in quests for meeting national interests. He also tried to explore the role of external and internal dynamics in building the cooperation for water regime. Earle (2005) discussed the hydro politics in Southern Afri ca and chances of peaceful development for sharing of water resources. He illustrated that the region has started to experience economic development with industrial and intensive agricultural growth by going beyond from past history of conflicts. He argued that the climate change can affect the region that has arid climate and prone to climatic changes. This climate change in Southern Africa is also a matter of concern at global level like many other parts of the world. The combination of above factors made the region hydro politically vulnerable but put forward that direct conflicts are not possible over water resources because of economic factors and benefits of co-operation and sharing. He justified his view about chances of co-operation with the statements of Kofi Annan (former UN general secretary) and Ismael Serageadin (former vice president of World Bank) is that the next war in the world will be fought on water not oil. Howe (2010) discussed hydro politics of the Nile River basin and highlights the chances of conflict and future course of policy making. She told that the Nile River basin is one of those regions in the world that is suffering with the problem of water scarcity. The Nile river basin is shared by ten countries i.e. Sudan, Egypt, Democratic Republic of the Congo Eritrea, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and Ethiopia. She argued that water is main reason for conflict between the countries of the basin. The high growth of urbanization and population and the difference in interests between the riparian countries create many problems like sanitation, shortage of food, power and water for irrigation etc. She correlated the water with other problems of the region especially security of the region. The second category of literature is about water diplomacy and hydro diplomacy including the competition and challenges related to water. This includes the works of Karaev, Renner Roul and Chellaney. Karaev (2005) depicted the water diplomacy in Central Asia. He argued that after the independence from Soviet rule the rivers of Central Asia become international and became one of the main causes of conflicts between all the five countries of central Asia. In the time of Soviet rule all these rivers are managed by a central agency that is in the Moscow, all the decision is taken by this agency. But after the collapse of USSR this system is also broken management of these rivers become politicized. He discussed the main historical and geopolitical cause of conflicts in the Central Asia region. He also illustrated the policies of all Central Asian countries about the different issues among them. Renner (2009) highlights the water challenges in Central and South Asia that emerged due to issues of water and role played by them as both the region faced the same problems of water shortage and poor management of water resources. He also through light on changing climate in the form of melting glaciers, rising temperature, change in monsoon cycle and droughts that increases the water scarcity in both the regions. The wastage of water is very big problem in regions, but it is many times higher in Central Asian countries then the countries of world like Egypt, Spain, Israel, and Turkey etc. He cautioned that the hydro-power projects in Central Asia for irrigation needs could lead to transboundary water disputes in the Failure of absence of regional agreement. Izqzierdo et al. (2010) analysed the water crisis in Central Asia and discussed the key challenges and opportunities related to it. He explained the political, socio- economic, climatic and environmental causes of water dispute s in Central Asian region which made the situation very critical. They highlighted that before the independence from the rule of the USSR, there is not any problem related to sharing of water among five new countries. The downstream countries supply energy resources to upstream countries in winter season when the demand of energy resources at the peak and the upstream countries supply water to downstream counties when they need water for the irrigation of cotton crops. But after independence this system is broken. Due to the rise of nationalism and increasing mistrust on each other is very major cause of conflicts between the countries of Central Asia region. They also discuss about the mismanagement of water resources in the region and wastage of water. They also discussed the geopolitical role of Russia, China and Iran and also warned about the impacts that will have to face by Central Asian countries when Afghanistan demands its share from rivers waters. Roul (2013) discussed the hydro diplomacy related to transboundary rivers in Central Asia and highlights the relationship and difference in dependency on rivers among the upstream (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) and downstream countries (Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan) countries. He put forward that upstream countries need water for hydro power to meet their domestic energy demands while downstream countries need water for irrigation of agriculture fields. Thus geographical positions of countries increased the difficulties in solving the disputes related transboundary rivers. He argued that in Central Asian region all the international laws, framework, treaties and declaration related to transboundary or international rivers are negligible due to economic and geographical difficulties faced by respective countries. Chellaney (2014) examined the relationship between water and power and competition emerged in Asia due to it. He argued that pressure on water resources emerged as one of the most serious ch allenge especially in the rapidly growing economy of Asian continent. The scarcity of water resources and increasing competition for fresh water resources is became a very serious problem and increased the tension among the countries in the Asia. He illustrated that Central Asia is one of the most volatile regions in the world where rising nationalism and competition over water resources increasing every passing day. He put forward that Central Asian region is an example of how water resources are used for geopolitical gains by poor upstream and rich downstream countries. Third category includes the literature on water related conflicts. This includes the works of Wolf (1998), International Crisis Group (ICG, 2002) Olmstead (2005) Kraemer 2012. Wolf (1998) analysed the major water treaties among transboundary Rivers on the basis of FAO’s collected data. He illustrated the conflict and cooperation along international waterways and studied the problem of upstream- downstream country issue, water sharing issue; economic issues. He argued that Institutional resiliency is the main causes of conflicts among nations. His analysis about world stood same for the situation of Central Asia. Here the issues of water are much co-related like the other issues such as economic, geopolitical and social etc. Water Conflicts in Central Asia: In the report by International Crisis Group â€Å"Central Asia: Water and Conflict† (2002) explore that in Central Asia region competition for fresh water is increasing at a very fast rate. The main source of employment is agriculture in region and played very important role in economy of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The cotton is the main crop of the region that required intensiv e irrigation. Water use has increased rapidly since the Central Asian states became independent in 1991 and is now at an unsustainable level. This report explores the political, environmental and socio- economic causes of water conflicts between the upstream and downstream countries of the region. This report also identifies the main areas that fuel tension in Central Asia region that are, mismanagement of water resources, failure of barter, Non-implemented and untimely barter agreements and payments, insecurity about future plans of water infrastructure like Rogan dam, Kambarata-1, Golden Age Century lake etc. Olmstead (2005) explores the ways in which economic development and local-level violent and non-violent conflict in the Ferghana Valley, Uzbekistan interact, using water scarcity as an instrumental variable for economic growth. Analysis shows significant negative correlation between rural incomes and the likelihood of local-level conflict. The importance to rural GDP of the release of water in the vegetative season, it seems that Uzbekistan should have a greater incentive to provide energy resources to upstream water producers (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) in order to insure properly timed water transfers. Currently, the negotiation process among the five Central Asian Republics that occurs year after year with regards to water allocation is highly contentious and Uzbekistan is generally unwilling to pay for water. Kreamer (2012) in his article, â€Å"Past, Present, Future of Water Conflicts and International Security† told that stress and scarcity of water has affected the stability of societies and it will continue to affect. An indication of worldwide water security challenges point out reflective problems and potential of crises. All over the world, there are many examples of struggles for water and how water is used as a strategic tool by different countries in the world. Water has also been an instrument of religious, ethnic conflicts and has recently been used in local and regional clashes. Fourth category focused on literature that illustrates the importance of water and geopolitical and political risk emerging because of water. (Allouche, 2004) Ruziev (2004), Chellaney (2012), â€Å"Kraak, 2012),† Kushkumbayev and Kushkumbayev (2013), (Allouche, 2004) in his article, â€Å"A source of regional tension in Central Asia: The case of water† explained historical and hydrological factors of the current water crisis in central Asia. He argued that water crisis between the countries of Central Asia is largely by the former Soviet Union’s plans in central Asia. The water conflicts in Central Asia region should not be separated from other issues of the region like ethnic tensions, territorial delimitation, nationalism, and political Islam etc. All these issues are many times responsible for water conflicts in the region especially in Farghana valley. Ramses Ruziev (2004), in his article, â€Å"Economic, Environmental, and Political Aspects of Hydropower Infrastructure Expansion in Central Asia† analysed the economic, environment and political aspects of developments of hydropower infrastructure development in the region. He examines that at the time of former USSR, the water and irrigation systems were managed by a centralized agency, based on Moscow, but after the independence the situation is changed regarding the allocation of water resources allocation. Before independence the upstream and downstream countries shared their resources (the downstream countries provided energy resources ex. Coal, oil and gas and upstream countries provided them water of irrigation). But after independence this system was collapsed. The upstream countries started store water in reservoir in summer season for making electricity in winter season, but downstream countries needed water in summer season for irrigation. He also mentioned the pos sible consequences of development of hydropower on the up and down streaming countries. Chellaney (2012), in his article, â€Å"From Arms Racing to â€Å"Dam Racing† in Asia: How to Contain the Geopolitical Risks of the Dam-Building Competition† examined that Asia’s economy is most fast growing economy in the world. The Race of dam is a major geopolitical issue in Asia continent and is also known for the brut lest competition for natural resources, particularly water and energy resources. The building of dams on international Rivers is the main problem between inter-riparian in Asia continent. In this article also explained how arising geopolitical risks with building of dams on transboundary Rivers. He examines the four different zones where this geopolitical risk is very high: these 4 regions are South Asia, Southeast Asia; China and its neighbouring countries; and Central Asia region, especially between the five â€Å"stans† nations — Tajikistan , Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Kraak, 2012), in his article, â€Å"Geopolitics of hydropower in Central Asia: The Syr Darya†, told about the geopolitics of hydropower between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan on Syr Darya river. He examined that the main cause of current dispute between them is on the construction of Kambarta-1 hydro project and tried to examine the Russia’s diplomacy in Central Asian water by obtaining major share in hydro projects in Kyrgyzstan by providing funds of construction of hydro projects, Uzbekistan blamed that with this Russia want virtual control of Central Asia rivers water. Kushkumbayev and Kushkumbayev (2013), in their article, â€Å"Water and Energy Issues in the Context of International and Political Dispute in Central Asia† argued that water is increasingly became scarce resources in the Central Asia region. The disagreements of downstream countries (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan) are increasing rapidly with the upstream (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan) countries on the water resources issues. The downstream countries have abundance of hydrocarbon resources, while on the other hand, the upstream countries suffer a deficiency of non- water resources. So, the upstream countries started think about their transboundary Rivers as resources of hydropower generations. The downstream countries need water for irrigation purposes but upstream want water for producing hydroelectricity and they declared river water commodity as gas and oil. Thus the difference in needs becomes a major cause of conflicts between downstream and upstream states in the Central Asia. [1] Gupta R. C. (2012). Energy, Environment and Management in Metallurgical Industries. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.